Seeds of various plants. Row 1: poppy, red pepper, strawberry, apple tree, blackberry, rice, carum, Row 2: mustard, eggplant, physalis, grapes, raspberries, red rice, patchouli, Row 3: figs, lycium barbarum, beets, blueberries, golden kiwifruit, rosehip, basil, Row 4: pink pepper, tomato, radish, aarrot, matthiola, dill, coriander, Row 5: black pepper, white cabbage, napa cabbage, seabuckthorn, parsley, dandelion, capsella bursa-pastoris, Row 6: cauliflower, radish, kiwifruit, grenadilla, passion fruit, melissa, tagetes erecta.A seed is an enclosed in a protective outer covering. The formation of the seed is part of the process of in seed plants, the, including the and plants.Seeds are the product of the ripened, after by and some growth within the mother plant.
The is developed from the and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and success of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants, relative to more primitive plants such as, and, which do not have seeds and use water-dependent means to propagate themselves. Seed plants now dominate biological on land, from to both in hot and cold.The term 'seed' also has a general meaning that antedates the above – anything that can be, e.g. 'seed', 'seeds' of. In the case of and corn 'seeds', what is sown is the seed enclosed in a shell or, whereas the potato is a.Many structures commonly referred to as 'seeds' are actually dry. Plants producing berries are called baccate. Are sometimes sold commercially while still enclosed within the hard wall of the fruit, which must be split open to reach the seed. Different groups of plants have other modifications, the so-called (such as the ) have a hardened fruit layer (the endocarp) fused to and surrounding the actual seed.
Regardless of the type of seed, monocots and dicots will sprout (grow) somewhat similarly. In both seeds, the radicle, which is the primary root, the seed's first root, grows out of the seed. To sprinkle on (a surface, substance, etc.) in the manner of seed: to seed an icy bridge with chemicals.
Are the one-seeded, hard-shelled fruit of some plants with an seed, such as an. Contents.Seed production Seeds are produced in several related groups of plants, and their manner of production distinguishes the ('enclosed seeds') from the ('naked seeds'). Angiosperm seeds are produced in a hard or fleshy structure called a that encloses the seeds for protection in order to secure healthy growth. Some fruits have layers of both hard and fleshy material. In gymnosperms, no special structure develops to enclose the seeds, which begin their development 'naked' on the bracts of cones.
However, the seeds do become covered by the scales as they develop in some species of.Seed production in natural plant populations varies widely from year to year in response to weather variables, insects and diseases, and internal cycles within the plants themselves. Over a 20-year period, for example, forests composed of and produced from 0 to nearly 5 million sound pine seeds per hectare. Over this period, there were six bumper, five poor, and nine good seed crops, when evaluated for production of adequate for natural forest reproduction.Development.
I ZygoteII ProembryoIII GlobularIV HeartV TorpedoVI Mature EmbryoKey: 1. Cotyledons 6. Shoot Apical Meristem 7. Root Apical Meristem 8. Hypocotyl 10. Seed Coat(flowering plants) seeds consist of three genetically distinct constituents: (1) the embryo formed from the zygote, (2) the endosperm, which is normally triploid, (3) the seed coat from tissue derived from the maternal tissue of the ovule. In angiosperms, the process of seed development begins with, which involves the fusion of two male gametes with the egg cell and the central cell to form the primary and the zygote.
Right after fertilization, the zygote is mostly inactive, but the primary endosperm divides rapidly to form the endosperm tissue. This tissue becomes the food the young plant will consume until the roots have developed after.Ovule.
Plant ovules: Gymnosperm ovule on left, angiosperm ovule (inside ovary) on rightAfter fertilization the develop into the seeds. The inside of a seed, showing a well-developed embryo, nutritive tissue , and a bit of the surrounding seed coatThe main components of the embryo are:. The cotyledons, the seed leaves, attached to the embryonic axis. There may be one , or two.
The cotyledons are also the source of nutrients in the non-endospermic dicotyledons, in which case they replace the endosperm, and are thick and leathery. In endospermic seeds the cotyledons are thin and papery.
Diagram of the internal structure of a seed and embryo: (a) seed coat, (b), (c), (d)A typical seed includes two basic parts:. an;. a seed coat.In addition, the forms a supply of nutrients for the embryo in most monocotyledons and the endospermic dicotyledons.Seed types Seeds have been considered to occur in many structurally different types (Martin 1946).
These are based on a number of criteria, of which the dominant one is the embryo-to-seed size ratio. This reflects the degree to which the developing cotyledons absorb the nutrients of the endosperm, and thus obliterate it.Six types occur amongst the monocotyledons, ten in the dicotyledons, and two in the gymnosperms (linear and spatulate).
This classification is based on three characteristics: embryo morphology, amount of endosperm and the position of the embryo relative to the endosperm. Comparison of and Embryo In endospermic seeds, there are two distinct regions inside the seed coat, an upper and larger endosperm and a lower smaller embryo. The is the fertilised ovule, an immature from which a new plant will grow under proper conditions.
The embryo has one or seed leaf in, two cotyledons in almost all and two or more in gymnosperms. In the fruit of (caryopses) the single monocotyledon is shield shaped and hence called a. The scutellum is pressed closely against the endosperm from which it absorbs food, and passes it to the growing parts.
Embryo descriptors include small, straight, bent, curved and curled.Nutrient storage Within the seed, there usually is a store of for the that will grow from the embryo. The form of the stored nutrition varies depending on the kind of plant. In angiosperms, the stored food begins as a tissue called the, which is derived from the mother plant and the pollen via. It is usually, and is rich in or,.
In gymnosperms, such as, the food storage tissue (also called endosperm) is part of the female gametophyte, a tissue. The endosperm is surrounded by the layer (peripheral endosperm), filled with proteinaceous aleurone grains.Originally, by analogy with the animal, the outer nucellus layer was referred to as, and the inner endosperm layer as vitellus. Although misleading, the term began to be applied to all the nutrient matter. This terminology persists in referring to endospermic seeds as 'albuminous'. The nature of this material is used in both describing and classifying seeds, in addition to the embryo to endosperm size ratio. The endosperm may be considered to be farinaceous (or mealy) in which the cells are filled with, as for instance, or not (non-farinaceous). The endosperm may also be referred to as 'fleshy' or 'cartilaginous' with thicker soft cells such as, but may also be oily as in (castor oil),.
The endosperm is called 'horny' when the cell walls are thicker such as and, or 'ruminated' if mottled, as in, and.In most monocotyledons (such as and ) and some ( endospermic or albuminous) dicotyledons (such as ) the embryo is embedded in the endosperm (and nucellus), which the seedling will use upon. In the non-endospermic dicotyledons the endosperm is absorbed by the embryo as the latter grows within the developing seed, and the cotyledons of the embryo become filled with stored food. At maturity, seeds of these species have no endosperm and are also referred to as exalbuminous seeds.
The exalbuminous seeds include the (such as and ), trees such as the and, vegetables such as and,. According to Bewley and Black (1978), Brazil nut storage is in hypocotyl, this place of storage is uncommon among seeds. All gymnosperm seeds are albuminous.Seed coat The seed coat develops from the maternal tissue, the, originally surrounding the ovule.
The seed coat in the mature seed can be a paper-thin layer (e.g. ) or something more substantial (e.g.
Thick and hard in and ), or fleshy as in the of. The seed coat helps protect the embryo from mechanical injury, predators and drying out. Depending on its development, the seed coat is either bitegmic or unitegmic. Bitegmic seeds form a testa from the outer integument and a tegmen from the inner integument while unitegmic seeds have only one integument. Usually parts of the testa or tegmen form a hard protective mechanical layer. The mechanical layer may prevent water penetration and germination. Amongst the barriers may be the presence of.The outer integument has a number of layers, generally between four and eight organised into three layers: (a) outer epidermis, (b) outer pigmented zone of two to five layers containing and starch, and (c) inner epidermis.
The endotegmen is derived from the inner epidermis of the inner integument, the exotegmen from the outer surface of the inner integument. The endotesta is derived from the inner epidermis of the outer integument, and the outer layer of the testa from the outer surface of the outer integument is referred to as the exotesta. If the exotesta is also the mechanical layer, this is called an exotestal seed, but if the mechanical layer is the endotegmen, then the seed is endotestal. The exotesta may consist of one or more rows of cells that are elongated and pallisade like (e.g. ), hence 'palisade exotesta'.In addition to the three basic seed parts, some seeds have an appendage, an, a fleshy outgrowth of the funicle , (as in and ) or an oily appendage, an (as in ), or hairs (trichomes). In the latter example these hairs are the source of the textile crop. Other seed appendages include the raphe (a ridge), wings, caruncles (a soft spongy outgrowth from the outer integument in the vicinity of the micropyle), spines, or tubercles.A scar also may remain on the seed coat, called the, where the seed was attached to the ovary wall by the funicle.
Just below it is a small pore, representing the micropyle of the ovule.Size and seed set. A collection of various vegetable and herb seedsSeeds are very diverse in size.
The dust-like orchid seeds are the smallest, with about one million seeds per gram; they are often embryonic seeds with immature embryos and no significant energy reserves. Orchids and a few other groups of plants are which depend on for nutrition during germination and the early growth of the seedling. Some terrestrial orchid seedlings, in fact, spend the first few years of their lives deriving energy from the fungi and do not produce green leaves. At over 20 kg, the largest seed is the.
Plants that produce smaller seeds can generate many more seeds per flower, while plants with larger seeds invest more resources into those seeds and normally produce fewer seeds. Small seeds are quicker to ripen and can be dispersed sooner, so fall blooming plants often have small seeds.
Many annual plants produce great quantities of smaller seeds; this helps to ensure at least a few will end in a favorable place for growth. Herbaceous perennials and woody plants often have larger seeds; they can produce seeds over many years, and larger seeds have more energy reserves for germination and seedling growth and produce larger, more established seedlings after germination.
Functions Seeds serve several functions for the plants that produce them. Key among these functions are nourishment of the, to a new location, and during unfavorable conditions. Seeds fundamentally are means of reproduction, and most seeds are the product of which produces a remixing of genetic material and variability on which acts.Embryo nourishment Seeds protect and nourish the embryo or young plant.
They usually give a seedling a faster start than a sporeling from a spore, because of the larger food reserves in the seed and the multicellularity of the enclosed embryo.Dispersal. Main article:Unlike animals, plants are limited in their ability to seek out favorable conditions for life and growth. As a result, plants have evolved many ways to their offspring by dispersing their seeds (see also ). A seed must somehow 'arrive' at a location and be there at a time favorable for germination and growth.
When the fruits open and release their seeds in a regular way, it is called, which is often distinctive for related groups of plants; these fruits include capsules, follicles, legumes, silicles and siliques. When fruits do not open and release their seeds in a regular fashion, they are called indehiscent, which include the fruits achenes, caryopsis, nuts, samaras, and utricles. By wind (anemochory). Main article:Seed dormancy has two main functions: the first is synchronizing germination with the optimal conditions for survival of the resulting seedling; the second is spreading germination of a batch of seeds over time so a catastrophe (e.g. Late frosts, drought, ) does not result in the death of all offspring of a plant. Seed dormancy is defined as a seed failing to germinate under environmental conditions optimal for germination, normally when the environment is at a suitable temperature with proper soil moisture. This true dormancy or innate dormancy is therefore caused by conditions within the seed that prevent germination.
Thus dormancy is a state of the seed, not of the environment. Induced dormancy, enforced dormancy or seed quiescence occurs when a seed fails to germinate because the external environmental conditions are inappropriate for germination, mostly in response to conditions being too dark or light, too cold or hot, or too dry.Seed dormancy is not the same as seed persistence in the soil or on the plant, though even in scientific publications dormancy and persistence are often confused or used as synonyms.Often, seed dormancy is divided into four major categories: exogenous; endogenous; combinational; and secondary. A more recent system distinguishes five classes: morphological, physiological, morphophysiological, physical, and combinational dormancy.Exogenous dormancy is caused by conditions outside the embryo, including:. Physical dormancy or hard seed coats occurs when seeds are to water.
At dormancy break, a specialized structure, the ‘water gap’, is disrupted in response to environmental cues, especially temperature, so water can enter the seed and germination can occur. Plant families where physical dormancy occurs include, and. Chemical dormancy considers species that lack physiological dormancy, but where a chemical prevents germination. This chemical can be leached out of the seed by rainwater or snow melt or be deactivated somehow.
Leaching of chemical inhibitors from the seed by rain water is often cited as an important cause of dormancy release in seeds of desert plants, but little evidence exists to support this claim.Endogenous dormancy is caused by conditions within the embryo itself, including:. In morphological dormancy, germination is prevented due to morphological characteristics of the embryo. In some species, the embryo is just a mass of cells when seeds are dispersed; it is not differentiated. Before germination can take place, both differentiation and growth of the embryo have to occur. In other species, the embryo is differentiated but not fully grown (underdeveloped) at dispersal, and embryo growth up to a species specific length is required before germination can occur. Examples of plant families where morphological dormancy occurs are, and. Morphophysiological dormancy includes seeds with underdeveloped embryos, and also have physiological components to dormancy.
These seeds, therefore, require a dormancy-breaking treatments, as well as a period of time to develop fully grown embryos. Plant families where morphophysiological dormancy occurs include,. Some plants with morphophysiological dormancy, such as or species, have multiple types of dormancy, one affects radicle (root) growth, while the other affects plumule (shoot) growth. The terms 'double dormancy' and 'two-year seeds' are used for species whose seeds need two years to complete germination or at least two winters and one summer.
Dormancy of the radicle (seedling root) is broken during the first winter after dispersal while dormancy of the shoot bud is broken during the second winter. Physiological dormancy means the embryo, due to physiological causes, cannot generate enough power to break through the seed coat, endosperm or other covering structures. Dormancy is typically broken at cool wet, warm wet or warm dry conditions. Is usually the growth inhibitor in seeds, and its production can be affected by light.
Drying, in some plants, including a number of grasses and those from seasonally arid regions, is needed before they will germinate. The seeds are released, but need to have a lower moisture content before germination can begin. If the seeds remain moist after dispersal, germination can be delayed for many months or even years.
Many herbaceous plants from temperate climate zones have physiological dormancy that disappears with drying of the seeds. Other species will germinate after dispersal only under very narrow temperature ranges, but as the seeds dry, they are able to germinate over a wider temperature range. In seeds with combinational dormancy, the seed or fruit coat is impermeable to water and the embryo has physiological dormancy. Depending on the species, physical dormancy can be broken before or after physiological dormancy is broken. Secondary dormancy. is caused by conditions after the seed has been dispersed and occurs in some seeds when nondormant seed is exposed to conditions that are not favorable to germination, very often high temperatures.
The mechanisms of secondary dormancy are not yet fully understood, but might involve the loss of sensitivity in receptors in the plasma membrane.The following types of seed dormancy do not involve seed dormancy, strictly speaking, as lack of germination is prevented by the environment, not by characteristics of the seed itself (see ):. Photodormancy or light sensitivity affects germination of some seeds. These photoblastic seeds need a period of darkness or light to germinate. In species with thin seed coats, may be able to penetrate into the dormant embryo. The presence of light or the absence of light may trigger the germination process, inhibiting germination in some seeds buried too deeply or in others not buried in the soil. Thermodormancy is seed sensitivity to heat or cold. Some seeds, including cocklebur and amaranth, germinate only at high temperatures (30 °C or 86 °F); many plants that have seeds that germinate in early to midsummer have thermodormancy, so germinate only when the soil temperature is warm.
Other seeds need cool soils to germinate, while others, such as celery, are inhibited when soil temperatures are too warm. Often, thermodormancy requirements disappear as the seed ages or dries.Not all seeds undergo a period of dormancy. Seeds of some are viviparous; they begin to germinate while still attached to the parent. The large, heavy root allows the seed to penetrate into the ground when it falls. Many garden plant seeds will germinate readily as soon as they have water and are warm enough; though their wild ancestors may have had dormancy, these cultivated plants lack it. After many generations of selective pressure by plant breeders and gardeners, dormancy has been selected out.For, seeds are a way for the species to survive dry or cold seasons.
Ephemeral plants are usually annuals that can go from seed to seed in as few as six weeks. Persistence and seed banks. Germinating seedlingsSeed germination is a process by which a seed embryo develops into a seedling. It involves the reactivation of the metabolic pathways that lead to growth and the emergence of the radicle or seed root and plumule or shoot. The emergence of the seedling above the soil surface is the next phase of the plant's growth and is called seedling establishment.Three fundamental conditions must exist before germination can occur. (1) The embryo must be alive, called seed viability.
(2) Any dormancy requirements that prevent germination must be overcome. (3) The proper environmental conditions must exist for germination.Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate and is affected by a number of different conditions.
Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos, or the seed may have no embryo at all, often called empty seeds. Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed. Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination. The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability: since the seed has a living embryo, over time cells die and cannot be replaced.
Some seeds can live for a long time before germination, while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die.Seed vigor is a measure of the quality of seed, and involves the viability of the seed, the germination percentage, germination rate and the strength of the seedlings produced.The germination percentage is simply the proportion of seeds that germinate from all seeds subject to the right conditions for growth. The germination rate is the length of time it takes for the seeds to germinate.
Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability, dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling. In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability, measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination. This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time, 90% germination in 20 days, for example.
'Dormancy' is covered above; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy, and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy. It's possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry (if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy). There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low.Environmental conditions affecting seed germination include; water, oxygen, temperature and light.Three distinct phases of seed germination occur: water imbibition; lag phase; and emergence.In order for the seed coat to split, the embryo must imbibe (soak up water), which causes it to swell, splitting the seed coat. However, the nature of the seed coat determines how rapidly water can penetrate and subsequently initiate.
The rate of imbibition is dependent on the permeability of the seed coat, amount of water in the environment and the area of contact the seed has to the source of water. For some seeds, imbibing too much water too quickly can kill the seed. For some seeds, once water is imbibed the germination process cannot be stopped, and drying then becomes fatal. Other seeds can imbibe and lose water a few times without causing ill effects, but drying can cause secondary dormancy.Repair of DNA damage During seed, often associated with unpredictable and stressful environments, accumulates as the seeds age.
In seeds, the reduction of DNA integrity due to damage is associated with loss of seed viability during storage. Upon germination, seeds of undergo. A plant DNA that is involved in repair of single- and double-strand breaks during seed germination is an important determinant of seed longevity. Also, in seeds, the activities of the DNA repair enzymes (PARP) are likely needed for successful germination. Thus DNA damages that accumulate during appear to be a problem for seed survival, and the enzymatic repair of DNA damages during germination appears to be important for seed viability.Inducing germination A number of different strategies are used by gardeners and horticulturists to break.Scarification allows water and gases to penetrate into the seed; it includes methods to physically break the hard seed coats or soften them by chemicals, such as soaking in hot water or poking holes in the seed with a pin or rubbing them on sandpaper or cracking with a press or hammer. Sometimes fruits are harvested while the seeds are still immature and the seed coat is not fully developed and sown right away before the seed coat become impermeable. Under natural conditions, seed coats are worn down by rodents chewing on the seed, the seeds rubbing against rocks (seeds are moved by the wind or water currents), by undergoing freezing and thawing of surface water, or passing through an animal's digestive tract.
In the latter case, the seed coat protects the seed from, while often weakening the seed coat such that the embryo is ready to sprout when it is deposited, along with a bit of fecal matter that acts as fertilizer, far from the parent plant. Are often effective in breaking down hard seed coats and are sometimes used by people as a treatment; the seeds are stored in a moist warm sandy medium for several months under nonsterile conditions., also called moist-chilling, breaks down physiological dormancy, and involves the addition of moisture to the seeds so they absorb water, and they are then subjected to a period of moist chilling to after-ripen the embryo. Sowing in late summer and fall and allowing to overwinter under cool conditions is an effective way to stratify seeds; some seeds respond more favorably to periods of oscillating temperatures which are a part of the natural environment.Leaching or the soaking in water removes chemical inhibitors in some seeds that prevent germination. And melting naturally accomplish this task. For seeds planted in gardens, running water is best – if soaked in a container, 12 to 24 hours of soaking is sufficient. Soaking longer, especially in stagnant water, can result in oxygen starvation and seed death.
Seeds with hard seed coats can be soaked in hot water to break open the impermeable cell layers that prevent water intake.Other methods used to assist in the germination of seeds that have dormancy include prechilling, predrying, daily alternation of temperature, light exposure, potassium nitrate, the use of plant growth regulators, such as gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, thiourea, sodium hypochlorite, and others. Some seeds germinate best after a fire. For some seeds, fire cracks hard seed coats, while in others, chemical dormancy is broken in reaction to the presence of smoke. Liquid smoke is often used by gardeners to assist in the germination of these species. Sterile seeds Seeds may be sterile for few reasons: they may have been irradiated, unpollinated, cells lived past expectancy, or bred for the purpose.Evolution and origin of seeds The issue of the origin of seed plants remains unsolved.
However, more and more data tends to place this origin in the middle. The description in 2004 of the proto-seed Runcaria heinzelinii in the of is an indication of that ancient origin of seed-plants. As with modern ferns, most land plants before this time reproduced by sending into the air that would land and become whole new plants.Taxonomists have described early 'true' seeds from the upper Devonian, which probably became the theater of their true first.
With this radiation came an, shape, dispersal and eventually the radiation of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Seed plants progressively became one of the major elements of nearly all ecosystems.Economic importance. Further information:Many seeds are edible and the majority of human calories comes from seeds, especially from,. Seeds also provide most, many and and some important.
In different seeds the or the dominates and provides most of the. The storage of the embryo and endosperm differ in their content and physical properties. For example, the of wheat, important in providing the property to bread is strictly an endosperm protein.Seeds are used to propagate many crops such as cereals, legumes, and grasses. Particularly in developing countries, a major constraint faced is the inadequacy of the marketing channels to get the seed to poor farmers. Thus the use of farmer-retained seed remains quite common.Seeds are also eaten by animals , and are also fed to or provided as.Poison and food safety While some seeds are edible, others are harmful, poisonous or deadly. Plants and seeds often contain to discourage.
In some cases, these compounds simply taste bad (such as in ), but other compounds are toxic or break down into toxic compounds within the. Children, being smaller than adults, are more susceptible to poisoning by plants and seeds.A deadly poison, comes from seeds of the. Reported lethal doses are anywhere from two to eight seeds,though only a few deaths have been reported when castor beans have been ingested by animals.In addition, seeds containing –, and others – when consumed in sufficient amounts, may cause.Other seeds that contain poisons include, uncooked,. The seeds of the are also poisonous, containing the poison.The seeds of many legumes, including the common bean ( ), contain proteins called which can cause gastric distress if the beans are eaten without. The common bean and many others, including the, also contain which interfere with the action of the digestive enzyme. Normal cooking processes degrade lectins and trypsin inhibitors to harmless forms.Please see the category for further relevant articles.Other uses grows attached to seeds.
Other seed fibers are from and.Many important nonfood oils are extracted from seeds. Is used in paints.
Oil from and are similar to.Seeds are the source of some medicines including, and the quack cancer drug.Many seeds have been used as in necklaces and rosaries including,. However, the latter three are also poisonous.Other seed uses include:. Seeds once used as weights for. Seeds used as toys by children, such as for the game. Resin from rosea seeds used to caulk boats. from seeds. used as animal feed and.Seed records.
The massive of the. The -dated seed that has grown into a plant was a seed about 2,000 years old, recovered from excavations at 's palace on in. It was germinated in 2005. (A reported regeneration of (narrow-leafed campion) from material preserved for 31,800 years in the was achieved using fruit tissue, not seed. ). The largest seed is produced by the, or 'double coconut palm', Lodoicea maldivica. The entire may weigh up to 23 kilograms (50 pounds) and usually contains a single seed.
The smallest seeds are produced by epiphytic. They are only 85 micrometers long, and weigh 0.81 micrograms. They have no and contain underdeveloped embryos. The earliest seeds are around 365 million years old from the of.
The seeds are preserved immature of the.In religion The in the Old Testament begins with an explanation of how all plant forms began:And said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after its kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after its kind: and God saw that it was good.
And the evening and the morning were the third day.The speaks of seed germination thus:It is Who causeth the seed-grain and the date-stone to split and sprout. He causeth the living to issue from the dead, and He is the one to cause the dead to issue from the living. That is Allah: then how are ye deluded away from the truth?
See also. Cain M.D., Shelton M.G.
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After the movie finished downloading the status changed from 'downloading' to 'seeding' and it says it will take another couple of hours to 'seed'. Just wondering what this means and if it's necessary to wait for it to seed?Secondly, after a couple of my movies finished downloading the status changed to 'finished' yet the 'uploaded' column still increased over night from 1.24gb to 2.23gb.
Does it still download something else even after the movie finishes? If so, can I just click on 'stop downloading' once it reaches 100% because I don't want to take up much space with pointless extra bits and pieces?
Or will this make the movie incomplete? You should seed until at least 1.000 Ratio.peerA peer is another computer on the internet that you connect to and transfer data. Generally a peer does not have the complete file, otherwise it would be called a seed. Some people also refer to peers as leeches, to distinguish them from those generous folks who have completed their download and continue to leave the client running and act as a seed.seedA computer that has a complete copy of a certain torrent. Once your client finishes downloading, it will remain open until you click the Finish button (or otherwise close it.) This is known as being a seed or seeding.
You can also start a BT client with a complete file, and once BT has checked the file it will connect and seed the file to others. Generally, it's considered good manners to continue seeding a file after you have finished downloading, to help out others. Also, when a new torrent is posted to a tracker, someone must seed it in order for it to be available to others. Remember, the tracker doesn't know anything of the actual contents of a file, so it's important to follow through and seed a file if you upload the torrent to a tracker.reseedWhen there are zero seeds for a given torrent (and not enough peers to have a distributed copy), then eventually all the peers will get stuck with an incomplete file, since no one in the swarm has the missing pieces. When this happens, someone with a complete file (a seed) must connect to the swarm so that those missing pieces can be transferred.
This is called reseeding. Usually a request for a reseed comes with an implicit promise that the requester will leave his or her client open for some time period after finishing (to add longevity to the torrent) in return for the kind soul reseeding the file.swarmThe group of machines that are collectively connected for a particular file. For example, if you start a BitTorrent client and it tells you that you're connected to 10 peers and 3 seeds, then the swarm consists of you and those 13 other people.trackerA server on the Internet that acts to coordinate the action of BitTorrent clients. When you open a torrent, your machine contacts the tracker and asks for a list of peers to contact. Periodically throughout the transfer, your machine will check in with the tracker, telling it how much you've downloaded and uploaded, how much you have left before finishing, and the state you're in (starting, finished download, stopping.) If a tracker is down and you try to open a torrent, you will be unable to connect. If a tracker goes down during a torrent (i.e., you have already connected at some point and are already talking to peers), you will be able to continue transferring with those peers, but no new peers will be able to contact you. Often tracker errors are temporary, so the best thing to do is just wait and leave the client open to continue trying.
You can play the downloaded file/s and even copy/burn the downloaded file/s once it finishes downloading.even WHILE uTorrent is seeding it. There's no reason to stop them just to do that.Like torrero said, it is best and customary to upload at least to 1:1 ratio. Beyond that, it's up to you if you can spare the bandwidth. If people don't do this, BitTorrent DIES.and torrents will fail to complete. And in the long run, that will 'waste' lots of bandwidth with failed torrents.If you have to, you can stop or pause a seeding torrent for awhile and restart it later.
It's better for others to seed when there's NEED (no other seeds) than when there's lots of seeds.So if you need to choose, stop the seeding torrents that have the most seeds and highest availability between all the peers first.Running too many torrents at once is actually bad, because you'll be uploading at less than 1 KiloBYTE/second to other people. At that speed, it's painful.The 2nd link in my signature tells decent settings to avoid that while still allowing a semi-reasonable number of torrents running at once. It's just the time it takes at your present upload rate to upload as much as the size of the download.Assuming you're uploading the whole time of course.You download a 200 MB file and upload at 20 KiloBYTES/second.then it will take about 6 hours to upload 200 MB to others trying to download that file.
Slower you upload, the longer it would take. But likewise, it'd probably take at least a little longer to download it in the first place if you're uploading slowly while downloading it. Peers don't like to share to peers that don't share back. Obviously, you cannot download or upload faster than your line allows.So you need to know what those limits are.uTorrent's Speed Guide (CTRL+G) has a link to speed tests to test line speed.BUT everything you have that uses the internet needs to be stopped (or at least not using the internet.much) while running the speed test!Even uTorrent needs all the torrents paused or stopped and DHT disabled while doing speed tests!Once you find out how fast your line is both down and up.you mostly use the UPLOAD speed to determine settings for uTorrent. The only thing download speed affects is maybe the max number of peers and seeds to connect to at once per torrent.you don't need more than probably 20 if you can only download at 30 KiloBYTES/second total. While if you could download at 1000+ KiloBYTES/second, you might want 100.It's a BAD idea to go much higher on Global max and per torrent max than Speed Guide (CTRL+G) recommends.
My speed guide alternative (2nd link in my signature) is more like the low end. You'd only possibly use lower than my suggestions IF you had a hostile ISP, really bad networking hardware or software, a very low monthly bandwidth quota, or trying to be nice to others sharing the same internet connection.